Growth and the effect of grading, of turbot in a shallow raceway system

Juvenile turbot Scophthalmus maximus (L.), ranging in size from 30 to 407 g were graded into small, large, and unsorted groups in a low-water-level raceway system. Water depth was 7 cm. The rearing design proved self-cleaning and well suited for turbot ongrowing. Mean initial weights 146.2, 236.1, 162.7 g increased to 299.1, 465.6 and 343.1 g in the small, large, and unsorted groups respectively during the 86 day experiment. The corresponding SGRs were 0.84, 0.79 and 0.87% day-1. No positive effect of grading on biomass production was revealed. The coefficient of variance gave no indication of social interactions, but plotting the start weights against estimated individuals SGRs did, although the effect was minor.     

养殖大菱鲆腹水症病原菌SR1的分离及鉴定

从患腹水症的养殖大菱鲆（Scophthalmus maximus）腹水分离到1株优势细菌SR1，人工感染实验证实其具有致病性。经API ID32E系统鉴定为溶藻弧菌（Viibrio alginolyticus），并测定了其16S rRNA基因序列和热激蛋白HSP60（Heat shock protein，HSP）基因序列。基于16S rRNA基因序列构建的系统树结果表明，菌株SR1与溶藻弧菌（AY967727）亲缘关系最近，然而置信度较低，仅有27％，不能有效地鉴定到种。HSP60基因序列分析表明，该菌株与溶藻弧菌（AF230931）同源性最高，为99．2％。系统发育树表明SR1确与溶藻弧菌（AF230931）聚为一个分支，且置信度较高，为84％。综合上述结果，菌株SR1可鉴定为溶藻弧菌。[中国水产科学，2006，13（4）：603—609]     

养殖大菱鲆蟹栖异阿脑虫感染及其危害

从养殖大菱鲆（Scophthalmus maximus）患病鱼体中分离出一种寄生性纤毛虫，通过活体观察、碳酸银法染色和扫描电镜对其形态学进行特征分析。经鉴定，该纤毛虫为蟹栖异阿脑虫（Mesanophrys carcini Groliere ＆ Leglise，1977），隶属于寡膜纲、盾纤目、嗜污科、异阿脑虫属。患病鱼常表现为静伏池底，体色变暗，活力弱，摄食差，生长减慢，并发生急、慢性死亡。最明显的特征是病灶部位变白，略有浮肿，触摸柔软。流行病学特征显示，在大菱鲆的苗期、养成期、亲鱼培育期均可发生纤毛虫感染，幼鱼期发生率较高，发病水温14-20℃，盐度12～40。组织病理学观察分析表明，病灶组织处以盾纤虫为主要入侵微生物，常伴有细菌存在，但没有发现病毒性细胞病变和霉菌等其他寄生生物。     

饲料蛋白质含量和n-3HUFA水平对大菱鲆亲鱼产卵的影响

给大菱鲆亲鱼投喂高蛋白和高水平 n 3HUFA的饲料。结果表明,与投喂低蛋白和低水平 n 3HUFA饲料组相比,大菱鲆亲鱼繁殖力明显提高。高水平试验组,亲鱼体重增重大,产卵量高、所产卵子卵径大,受精后上浮率、孵化率高,仔稚鱼的存活力强。其中卵子脂肪酸含量受亲鱼所摄饲料中脂肪酸含量的影响较大。当亲鱼组投喂试验组饲料的蛋白质为 49 3%、脂类含量为14 6%,其中∑n 3HUFA的比例为 29 3%时,平均每尾亲鱼的产卵量为 1 45×106,所产卵子的卵径为1 053 mm,卵子脂类∑n 3HUFA的比例为20 38%,浮性卵率为95%。经过30 d的饲育,大菱鲆苗种的存活率为 23%,明显高于低蛋白和低脂肪酸试验组的数据。本研究认为,大菱鲆亲鱼培育的饲料中适宜蛋白质含量应≥45%;脂类的适宜含量为≥10%,其中∑n 3HUFA的适宜比例≥20%。     

大菱鲆幼鱼的蛋白质与能量需求

饲料中蛋白质的含量对大菱鲆幼鱼的生长起着决定性作用，适宜的能蛋比，既有利于能量的利用，又有利于蛋白质的利用，提高了饲料的利用率。设计4个蛋白质含量梯度和4个能量梯度的16组饲料，试验证明，蛋白质含量大于42％、能蛋比小于115，鱼体日增重率明显增大，饲料系数明显降低，表现出较高的饲料效率，本研究认为大菱鲆幼鱼配合饲料适宜的蛋白质含量为42％～45％、适宜的能蛋比为92．7～102．5。     

混合微藻替代鱼油对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、体组成及肠道部分生化指标的影响

本实验以大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼[(39.69±0.25) g]为研究对象,探究由裂壶藻(Schizochytrium sp.)和拟微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis sp.)组成的混合微藻替代鱼油对幼鱼生长性能、体组成、肠道消化水平及抗氧化能力的影响,以确定混合微藻替代鱼油的适宜比例。通过在基础饲料中添加不同比例的混合微藻,分别替代0、25%、50%和100%的鱼油,制成4组等氮等脂的实验饲料(分别命名为D1、D2、D3和D4),每组饲料设3个重复,实验周期为12周。结果显示,随替代比例的提高,大菱鲆幼鱼的增重率(WGR)和饲料效率(FE)呈下降趋势,D1、D2和D3组的特定生长率(SGR)和FE无显著性差异,但均显著高于D4组(P<0.05);肝体比(HSI)在D1组达到最大值,且显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);存活率(SR)和肥满度(CF)在各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。随着混合微藻替代鱼油比例的升高,全鱼和肌肉粗脂肪含量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,且D4组显著低于D1组(P<0.05);大菱鲆幼鱼鱼体中C20:4n-6和n-6 PUFA含量显著升高,在D4组均达到最大值,且显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。而EPA、DHA和n-3 PUFA含量随之显著下降,对照组(D1)含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);肌肉中C20:4n-6和DHA含量在不同实验组间无显著性差异(P>0.05),EPA和n-3 PUFA含量呈显著降低趋势(P<0.05)。肠道脂肪酶活力在D3组达到最大值,显著高于对照组(P<0.05),肠道胰蛋白酶活力也是在D3组最高,但与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。与D1组相比,D3组肠道中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、溶菌酶(LZM)活力和补体C3含量均显著升高(P<0.05)。肠道中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力随替代比例的提高呈先升高后降低的趋势,均在D3组达到最大值,显著高于D1组(P<0.05),而肠道中丙二醛(MDA)含量在不同实验组间并未表现出显著性差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,混合微藻替代50%的鱼油并不会对大菱鲆幼鱼的生长性能产生负面影响,同时可以提高肠道的消化性能、抗氧化能力和非特异性免疫能力。     

Comparison of mortality of wild and released reared 0-group turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, on an exposed beach (Ría de Vigo, NW Spain) and a study of the population dynamics and ecology of the natural population

Abstract  Marked reared turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.) (594) were released onto an exposed beach nursery ground together with marked wild fish (438) of approximately the same size (4–6 cm TL) and were sampled at intervals for 38 days. A consistent ratio of marked wild: unmarked wild indicated that marking did not increase mortality. The wild 0-group turbot population size was estimated at 1540 at the time of release, indicating that hatchery-reared individuals could theoretically make a significant contribution to the local population size. However, the absolute and relative catches of the marked, reared fish were lower than those of the marked wild fish, and no reared fish were caught after 23 days. The higher mortality rate was attributed to both a smaller size and their hatchery-reared origin. The population dynamics of the 1994–1995 year-classes of wild turbot were also studied. Recruitment of post-larvae (3 cm) to the beach started in March and continued until October. Population size peaked over the August–October period. Juvenile turbot remained on the nursery beach until June of the following year when they presumably emigrated to deeper water. During this 15-month period their length increased from 3 to 12–15 cm.     

Effects of dietary water content on meal size, daily food intake, digestion and growth in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.)

When fed once daily with wet squid, turbot (30–50 g) accustomed to dry pellets require many days to increase intake to meet their feed requirement (≈ 10 mg dry matter g⁻¹ bw meal⁻¹). Adaptation takes 1–2 days if several daily feedings are given. With dried squid, they ingest about 20% of the wet squid bulk because the stomach contents expand when moisturised. In contrast, turbot eat enough wet squid to fill most of the available stomach volume (≈ 7.6 mL 100 g⁻¹ bw). When presented in gelatine capsules, food water content is masked and does not affect the volume ingested. Moistening the contents shortens the delay before gastric emptying starts to one-third (0.6 h) compared with dry food (1.9 h). Daily dry-matter intake increased when dry contents were moistened but only if two or more meals were offered per day. Turbot adapt their digestion to supply water for dry diets but this may add extra metabolic costs. When offered 20 mg dry matter g bw⁻¹ day⁻¹, divided into four equal meals, turbot grew faster and more efficiently with moist than with dry squid. Protein, energy and dry-matter digestibilities were also enhanced. The increased daily protein absorption did not increase ammonia release, indicating that the extra protein was used for somatic growth.     

三种不同规格大菱鲆血常规分析

通过人工方法结合Pentra 120血细胞分析仪检测三种不同规格大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)重要血液生理指标,以期探讨大菱鲆不同生长阶段血液指标特点。结果显示:350 g组大菱鲆粒细胞绝对值、中间细胞百分比、粒细胞百分比显著高于70 g组(P<0.05);70 g组大菱鲆淋巴细胞百分比显著高于350 g组(P<0.05);血红蛋白含量、红细胞压积与鱼体规格正相关且350 g组与20 g组间红细胞压积差异显著(P<0.05)、血红蛋白含量差异极显著(P<0.01);三种不同规格大菱鲆间血栓细胞系各项指标无显著性差异。由此可知,因大菱鲆红细胞系及白细胞系部分血液指标在不同规格间存在着不同程度的差异,难以得出正常参考范围;血栓细胞系受鱼体规格影响较小,可作为大菱鲆血液常规指标基础参考数据。     

养殖大菱鲆烂鳍病的流行调查及人工感染试验

通过现场调查和记录备案送检大菱鲆病鱼样品的方法,对我国大菱鲆主要养殖区烂鳍病进行了21个月流行情况调查,共采集到烂鳍病发病样品20个。调查结果发现,烂鳍病是大菱鲆养殖比较常见的细菌性疾病之一,自然高发期集中于5~8月水温较高的时期,苗期的大菱鲆最易感染,发病鱼一般都是急性死亡。组织病理学的研究显示,病鱼多个组织器官均发生不同程度的病变。用该病致病菌对苗期大菱鲆进行的人工感染试验结果表明,高浓度的病原菌对大菱鲆的致病力是相当强的。根据感染试验死亡曲线推算出该致病菌对大菱鲆半致死量为5.9×103cfu/m l。